Functional programming

higher-order functions

Language/Paradigm	Higher-order functions	Currying
JavaScript	✅	via anonymous functions
Python	✅	via anonymous functions
Typescript	✅	via anonymous functions
Java	✅	via anonymous functions
C#	✅	via anonymous functions
C++	✅	via anonymous functions
PHP	✅	via anonymous functions
Go	✅	via anonymous functions

Pure functions

None of these languages support Pure functions

Recursion

| Language/Paradigm | Tail recursion | folds | unfolds | | —————– | ————– | —————————————— | ——- | | JavaScript | ❌ | .reduce() method on arrays | ❌ | | Python | ❌ | functools.reduce() function on iterables | ❌ | | Typescript | ❌ | .reduce() method on arrays | ❌ | | Java | ❌ | .reduce() method on streamable collections | ❌ | | C# | ❌ | .Aggregate() method on collections | ❌ | | C++ | ✅ | std::accumulate on sequences. | ❌ | | PHP | ❌ | array_reduce() on array | ❌ | | Go | ❌ | ❌ | ❌ |

Type systems

They all support Product Types via Class, Record or Struct.

Language/Paradigm	Sum types	Pattern Matching	Dependent types
JavaScript	❌	❌	❌
Python	✅since 3.5 with typing.Union	✅since 3.10 with match statement	❌
Typescript	✅discriminated unions	switch-case with shared field.	some type-level computations
Java	Simulated via Sealed Interface	since Java 21	❌
C#	Simulated via Sealed Class	since C# 9.0	some type-level computations
C++	since C++17 with std::variant	since C++17 with std::visit	some type-level computations
PHP	❌	❌	❌
Go	❌	❌	❌